References list

2c System effects (choice, competition, testing, autonomy, etc.), interventions

Where possible, the list provides abstracts of the entries and links to the publication.
Initial list compiled by: Ludger Wößmann

This reference list contains three parts:

  • Introductory Reading
    Somebody who does not know this literature or wants to get an overview might want to start here.
  • Key References
    Some of the most important references in this literature, which may require some more knowledge of the field.
  • Further Reading
    Organized by date of publication.

Introductory Reading

  1. Bettinger, Eric (2011). Educational Vouchers in International Contexts. In: Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin and Ludger Woessmann (eds.). Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 4. Amsterdam: North-Holland , 551-572 . Abstract. Link.

  2. Betts, Julian R. (2011). The Economics of Tracking in Education. In: Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin and Ludger Woessmann (eds.). Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 3. Amsterdam: North-Holland , 341-381 . Abstract. Link.

  3. Bursztyn, Leonardo and Robert Jensen (2015). How Does Peer Pressure Affect Educational Investments?. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics 130(3) , 1329-1367 . Abstract. Link.

  4. CESifo DICE Report (2004). Forum: Institutions for Better Education. In: CESifo DICE Report Journal for Institutional Comparisons 2(4) , 03-43 . Link.

  5. Cook, Philip J., Kenneth Dodge, George Farkas, Roland G. Fryer, Jr, Jonathan Guryan, Jens Ludwig, Susan Mayer, Harold Pollack and Laurence Steinberg (2014). The (Surprising) Efficacy of Academic and Behavioral Intervention with Disadvantaged Youth: Results from a Randomized Experiment in Chicago. NBER Working Paper 19862. Abstract. Link.

  6. Figlio, David and Susanna Loeb (2011). School Accountability. In: Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin and Ludger Woessmann (eds.). Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 3. Amsterdam: North-Holland , 383-421 . Abstract. Link.

  7. Hanushek, Eric A. and Ludger Woessmann (2011). The Economics of International Differences in Educational Achievement. In: Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin and Ludger Woessmann (ed.). Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 3. Amsterdam: North Holland , 89-200 . Abstract. Link.

  8. Hanushek, Eric A., Charles S. Benson, Richard B. Freeman et al. (1994). Making Schools Work: Improving Performance and Controlling Costs. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press . Abstract. Link.

  9. Hastings, Justine S. and Jeffrey M. Weinstein (2008). Information, School Choice, and Academic Achievement: Evidence from Two Experiments. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics 123(4) , 1373-1414 . Abstract. Link.

  10. Heckman, James J., John Eric Humphries and Nicholas S. Mader (2011). The GED. In: Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin and Ludger Woessmann (eds.). Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 3. Amsterdam: North-Holland , 423-483 . Abstract. Link.

  11. Hoxby, Caroline M. (2003). School Choice and School Competition: Evidence from the United States. In: Swedish Economic Policy Review 10(3) , 09-65 . Abstract. Link.

  12. Hoxby, Caroline M. (ed.) (2003). The Economics of School Choice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press . Abstract. Link.

  13. Jensen, Robert (2010). The (Perceived) Returns to Education and the Demand for Schooling. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics 125(2) , 515-548 . Abstract. Link.

  14. Ladd, Helen F. (2002). School Vouchers: A Critical View. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives 16(4) , 25-44 . Abstract. Link.

  15. Lavecchia, Adam M., Heidi Liu and Philip Oreopoulos (2016). Behavioral Economics of Education: Progress and Possibilities. In: Eric A. Hanushek, Steven Machin, Ludger Woessmann. Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 5. Amsterdam: North Holland: , 1-74 . Abstract. Link.

  16. Neal, Derek (2002). How Vouchers Could Change the Market for Education. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives 16(4) , 25-44 . Abstract. Link.

  17. Peterson, Paul E. and Martin R. West (eds.) (2003). No Child Left Behind? The Politics and Practice of School Accountability. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press . Abstract. Link.

  18. Woessmann, Ludger (2008). Efficiency and Equity of European Education and Training Policies. In: International Tax and Public Finance 15(2) , 199-230 . Abstract. Link.

  19. Woessmann, Ludger (2004). Institutional Comparisons in Educational Production. In: CESifo DICE Report Journal for Institutional Comparisons 2(4) , 03-06 . Abstract. Link.

  20. Woessmann, Ludger (2002). Schooling and the Quality of Human Capital. Berlin: Springer . Abstract. Link.

  21. Woessmann, Ludger, Elke Lüdemann, Gabriela Schütz and Martin R. West (2009). School Accountability, Autonomy and Choice around the World. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar . Abstract. Link.

Key references

  1. Betts, Julian R. (1998). The Impact of Educational Standards on the Level and Distribution of Earnings. In: American Economic Review 88(1) , 266-275 . Abstract. Link.

  2. Costrell, Robert M. (1994). A Simple Model of Educational Standards. In: American Economic Review 84(4) , 956-971 . Abstract. Link.

  3. Cullen, Julie B., Brian A. Jacob and Steven Levitt (2006). The Effect of School Choice on Participants: Evidence from Randomized Lotteries. In: Econometrica 74(5) , 1191-1230 . Abstract. Link.

  4. Dobbie, Will and Roland G. Fryer (2011). Are High-Quality Schools Enough to Increase Achievement among the Poor? Evidence from the Harlem Children's Zone. In: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3(3) , 158-187 . Abstract. Link.

  5. Dobbie, Will and Roland G. Fryer, Jr. (2015). The Medium-Term Impacts of High-Achieving Charter Schools. In: Journal of Political Economy forthcoming . Abstract. Link.

  6. Epple, Dennis and Richard E. Romano (1998). Competition Between Private and Public Schools, Vouchers, and Peer-Group Effects. In: American Economic Review 88(1) , 33-62 . Abstract. Link.

  7. Glomm, Gerhard and B. Ravikumar (1992). Public Versus Private Investment in Human Capital: Endogenous Growth and Income Inequality. In: Journal of Political Economy 100(4) , 818-834 . Abstract. Link.

  8. Hanushek, Eric A. and Ludger Woessmann (2006). Does Early Tracking Affect Educational Inequality and Performance? Differences-in-Differences Evidence across Countries. In: Economic Journal 116(510) , C63-C76 . Abstract. Link.

  9. Howell, William G. and Paul E. Peterson (2002). The Education Gap: Vouchers and Urban Schools. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press . Abstract. Link.

  10. Hoxby, Caroline M. (2000). Does Competition among Public Schools Benefit Students and Taxpayers?. In: American Economic Review 90(5) , 1209-1238 . Abstract. Link.

  11. Lavy, Victor (2002). Evaluating the Effect of Teachers' Group Performance Incentives on Pupil Achievement. In: Journal of Political Economy 110(6) , 1286-1317 . Abstract. Link.

  12. Muralidharan, Karthik and Venkatesh Sundararaman (2010). The Impact of Diagnostic Feedback to Teachers on Student Learning: Experimental Evidence from India. In: Economic Journal 120(546) , F187-F203 . Abstract. Link.

  13. Muralidharan, Karthik, Venkatesh Sundararaman (2015). The Aggregate Effect of School Choice: Evidence from a Two-Stage Experiment in India. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics 130 (3) , 1011-1066 . Abstract. Link.

  14. Neal, Derek A. (1997). The Effects of Catholic Secondary Schooling on Secondary Achievement. In: Journal of Labor Economics 15(1) , 98-123 . Abstract. Link.

  15. Nechyba, Thomas J. (2000). Mobility, Targeting, and Private-School Vouchers. In: American Economic Review 90(1) , 130-146 . Abstract. Link.

  16. Rouse, Cecilia Elena (1998). Private School Vouchers and Student Achievement: An Evaluation of the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(2) , 533-602 . Abstract. Link.

  17. West, Martin R. and Ludger Woessmann (2010). ‘Every Catholic Child in a Catholic School’: Historical Resistance to State Schooling, Contemporary School Competition and Student Achievement across Countries. In: Economic Journal 120(546) , F229-F255 . Abstract. Link.

  18. Woessmann, Ludger (2005). The Effect Heterogeneity of Central Exams: Evidence from TIMSS, TIMSS-Repeat and PISA. In: Education Economics 13(2) , 143-169 . Abstract. Link.

  19. Woessmann, Ludger (2003). Schooling Resources, Educational Institutions, and Student Performance: The International Evidence. In: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 65(2) , 117-170 . Abstract. Link.

Further reading

  1. Abdulkadiroglu, Atila, Joshua D. Angrist and Parag A. Pathak (2014). The Elite Illusion: Achievement Effects at Boston and New York Exam Schools. In: Econometrica 82(1) , 137-196 . Abstract. Link.

  2. Abdulkadiroğlu, Atila, Joshua D. Angrist, Susan M. Dynarski, Thomas J. Kane and Parag A. Pathak (2011). Accountability and Flexibility in Public Schools: Evidence from Boston's Charters and Pilots. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics 126(2) , 699-748 . Abstract. Link.

  3. Ahlin, Åsa (2003). Does School Competition Matter? Effects of a Large-Scale School Choice Reform on Student Performance. Uppsala University - Department of Economics Working Paper 2003:2. Abstract. Link.

  4. Angrist, Joshua D. and Stacey H. Chen (2011). Schooling and the Vietnam-Era GI Bill: Evidence from the Draft Lottery. In: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3(2) , 96-118 . Abstract. Link.

  5. Angrist, Joshua D., Eric Bettinger and Michael Kremer (2006). Long-Term Educational Consequences of Secondary School Vouchers: Evidence from Administrative Records in Colombia. In: American Economic Review 96(3) , 847-862 . Link.

  6. Angrist, Joshua D., Parag A. Pathak and Christopher R. Walters (2013). Explaining Charter School Effectiveness. In: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5(4) , 1-27 . Abstract. Link.

  7. Argys, Laura M., Daniel I. Rees and Dominic J. Brewer (1996). Detracking America's Schools: Equity at Zero Cost?. In: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 15(4) , 623-645 . Abstract. Link.

  8. Ballou, Dale (2001). Pay for Performance in Public and Private Schools. In: Economics of Education Review 20(1) , 51-61 . Abstract. Link.

  9. Barankay, Iwan and Ben Lockwood (2007). Decentralization and the Productive Efficiency of Government: Evidence from Swiss Cantons. In: Journal of Public Economics 91(5-6) , 1197-1218 . Abstract. Link.

  10. Baude, Patrick L., Marcus Casey, Eric A. Hanushek and Steven G. Rivkin (2014). The Evolution of Charter School Quality. NBER Working Paper 20645. Abstract. Link.

  11. Bauer, Philipp and Regina T. Riphahn (2006). Timing of School Tracking as a Determinant of Intergenerational Transmission of Education. In: Economics Letters 91(1) , 90-97 . Abstract. Link.

  12. Bettinger, Eric P. (2012). Paying to Learn: The Effect of Financial Incentives on Elementary School Test Scores. In: Review of Economics and Statistics 94(3) , 686-698 . Abstract. Link.

  13. Bettinger, Eric and Robert Slonim (2006). Using Experimental Economics to Measure the Effects of a Natural Educational Experiment on Altruism. In: Journal of Public Economics 90(8-9) , 1625-1648 . Abstract. Link.

  14. Betts, Julian R. and Jamie L. Shkolnik (2000). The Effects of Ability Grouping on Student Achievement and Resource Allocation in Secondary Schools. In: Economics of Education Review 19(1) , 01-15 . Abstract. Link.

  15. Bishop, John H. (2006). Drinking from the Fountain of Knowledge: Student Incentive to Study and Learn – Externalities, Information Problems and Peer Pressure. In: Eric A. Hanushek, Finis Welch (eds.). Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: North-Holland , 909-944 . Abstract. Link.

  16. Bishop, John H. (1997). The Effect of National Standards and Curriculum-Based Exams on Achievement. In: American Economic Review 87(2) , 260-264 . Abstract. Link.

  17. Bishop, John H. and Ludger Woessmann (2004). Institutional Effects in a Simple Model of Educational Production. In: Education Economics 12(1) , 17-38 . Abstract. Link.

  18. Bloom, Nicholas, Renata Lemos, Raffaella Sadun and John Van Reenen (2015). Does Management Matter in Schools. In: Economic Journal 125(584) , 647-674 . Abstract. Link.

  19. Bradley, Steve and Jim Taylor (2004). The Economics of Secondary Schooling. In: Geraint Johnes and Jill Johnes (eds.). International Handbook on the Economics of Education. Cheltenham: Elgar . Link.

  20. Bradley, Steve, Geraint Johnes and Jim Millington (2001). The Effect of Competition on the Efficiency of Secondary Schools in England. In: European Journal of Operational Research 135(3) , 545-568 . Abstract. Link.

  21. Brunello, Giorgio and Daniele Checchi (2005). School quality and family background in Italy. In: Economics of Education Review 24(5) , 563-577 . Abstract. Link.

  22. Brunello, Giorgio and Lorenzo Rocco (2008). Educational Standards in Private and Public Schools. In: Economic Journal 118(533) , 1866-1887 . Abstract. Link.

  23. Brunello, Giorgio and Massimo Giannini (2004). Stratified or Comprehensive? The Economic Efficiency of School Design. In: Scottish Journal of Political Economy 51(2) , 173-193 . Abstract. Link.

  24. Brunello, Giorgio, Margherita Fort and Guglielmo Weber (2009). Changes in Compulsory Schooling, Education and the Distribution of Wages in Europe. In: Economic Journal 119(536) , 516-539 . Abstract. Link.

  25. Brunello, Giorgio, Massimo Giannini and Kenn Ariga (2007). The Optimal Timing of School Tracking. In: Peterson, P. and Woessmann, L. (2007). Schools and the Equal Opportunity Problem. , 129-158 . Abstract. Link.

  26. Böhlmark, Anders and Mikael Lindahl (2015). Independent Schools and Long-Run Educational Outcomes: Evidence from Sweden's Large Scale Voucher Reform. In: Economica 82(327) , 508-551 . Abstract. Link.

  27. Böhlmark, Anders, Chang-Tai Hsieh and Mikael Lindahl (2006). Did school choice in Sweden improve academic achievement?. Mimeo: Stockholm University . Abstract. Link.

  28. Carnoy, Martin and Susan Loeb (2002). Does External Accountability Affect Student Outcomes? A Cross-state Analysis. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. In: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 24(4) , 305-331 . Abstract. Link.

  29. Chen, Zhiqi and Edwin G. West (2000). Selective Versus Universal Vouchers: Modeling Median Voter Preferences in Education. In: American Economic Review 90(5) , 1520-1534 . Abstract. Link.

  30. Chubb, John E. and Terry M. Moe (1990). Politics, Markets, and America's Schools. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press . Abstract. Link.

  31. Clark, Damon (2009). The Performance and Competitive Effects of School Autonomy. In: Journal of Political Economy 117(4) , 745-783 . Abstract. Link.

  32. Cullen, Julie B., Brian A. Jacob and Steven D. Levitt (2005). The Impact of School Choice on Student Outcomes: An Analysis of the Chicago Public Schools. In: Journal of Public Economics 89(5-6) , 729-760 . Abstract. Link.

  33. Dee, Thomas S. and Brian A. Jacob (2011). The Impact of No Child Left Behind on Student Achievement. In: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 30(3) , 418-446 . Abstract. Link.

  34. Deming, David J., Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz (2012). The For-Profit Postsecondary School Sector: Nimble Critters or Agile Predators?. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives 26(1) , 139-64 . Abstract. Link.

  35. Deming, David J., Justine S. Hastings, Thomas J. Kane and Douglas O. Staiger (2014). School Choice, School Quality and Postsecondary Attainment. In: American Economic Review 104(3) , 991-1013 . Abstract. Link.

  36. Dixit, Avinash (2002). Incentives and Organizations in the Public Sector: An Interpretative Review. In: Journal of Human Resources 37(4) , 696-727 . Abstract. Link.

  37. Dobbie, Will, and Roland G. Fryer, Jr. (2013). Getting beneath the Veil of Effective Schools: Evidence from New York City. In: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5(4) , 28-60 . Abstract. Link.

  38. Duflo, Esther, Pascaline Dupas and Michael Kremer (2011). Peer Effects, Teacher Incentives, and the Impact of Tracking: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Kenya. In: American Economic Review 101(5) , 1739-1774 . Abstract. Link.

  39. Epple, Dennis, Elizabeth Newlon and Richard Romano (2002). Ability Tracking, School Competition, and the Distribution of Educational Benefits. In: Journal of Public Economics 83(1) , 01-48 . Abstract. Link.

  40. Falch, Torberg, Marte Rønning and Bjarne Strøm (2006). A cost model of schools: School size, school structure and student composition. In: N. Soguel and P. Jaccard (eds.). Governance and performance of education systems. Springer . Abstract. Link.

  41. Ferreyra, Maria M. (2007). Estimating the Effects of Private School Vouchers in Multidistrict Economies. In: American Economic Review 97(3) , 789-817 . Abstract. Link.

  42. Figlio, David N. and Cecilia Elena Rouse (2006). Do Accountability and Voucher Threats Improve Low-Performing Schools?. In: Journal of Public Economics 90(1-2) , 239-255 . Abstract. Link.

  43. Figlio, David N. and Marianne E. Page (2002). School Choice and the Distributional Effects of Ability Tracking: Does Separation Increase Inequality?. In: Journal of Urban Economics 51(3) , 497-514 . Abstract. Link.

  44. Figlio, David N. and Maurice E. Lucas (2004). Do High Grading Standards Affect Student Performance?. In: Journal of Public Economics 88(9) , 1815-1834 . Abstract. Link.

  45. Filer, Randall K. and Daniel Münich (2013). Responses of Private and Public Schools to Voucher Funding. In: Economics of Education Review 34 , 269–285 . Abstract. Link.

  46. Friedman, Milton (1962). Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press . Abstract.

  47. Fryer, Roland G. (2011). Financial Incentives and Student Achievement: Evidence from Randomized Trials. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics 126(4) , 1755-1798 . Abstract. Link.

  48. Fuchs, Thomas and Ludger Woessmann (2007). What Accounts for International Differences in Student Performance? A Re-examination using PISA Data. In: Empirical Economics 32(2-3) , 433-464 . Abstract. Link.

  49. Fuchs, Thomas and Ludger Woessmann (2004). Computers and Student Learning: Bivariate and Multivariate Evidence on the Availability and Use of Computers at Home and at School. In: Brussels Economic Review 47(3-4) , 359-385 . Abstract. Link.

  50. Galiani, Sebastian, Paul Gertler and Ernesto Schargrodsky (2008). School Decentralization: Helping the Good Get Better, but Leaving the Poor Behind. In: Journal of Public Economics 92(10-11) , 2106-2120 . Abstract. Link.

  51. Gertler, Paul J., Harry Anthony Patrinos and Marta Rubio-Codina (2012). Empowering Parents to Improve Education: Evidence from Rural Mexico. In: Journal of Development Economics 99(1) , 68-79 . Abstract. Link.

  52. Gradstein, Mark, Moshe Justman and Volker Meier (2004). The Political Economy of Education: Implications for Growth and Inequality. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press . Abstract. Link.

  53. Hanushek, Eric A. and Margaret E. Raymond (2004). The Effect of School Accountability Systems on the Level and Distribution of Student Achievement. In: Journal of the European Economic Association 2(2-3) , 406-415 . Abstract. Link.

  54. Hanushek, Eric A., John F. Kain, Steven G. Rivkin and Gregory F. Branch (2007). Charter School Quality and Parental Decision Making with School Choice. In: Journal of Public Economics 91(5-6) , 823-848 . Abstract. Link.

  55. Hanushek, Eric A., Susanne Link and Ludger Woessmann (2013). Does School Autonomy Make Sense Everywhere? Panel Estimates from PISA. In: Journal of Development Economics 104 , 212-232 . Abstract. Link.

  56. Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom (1991). Multitask Principal-Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership, and Job Design. In: Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 7 (special issue) , 24-52 . Link.

  57. Howell, William G., Patrick J. Wolf, David E. Campbell and Paul E. Peterson (2002). School Vouchers and Academic Performance: Results from Three Randomized Field Trials. In: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21(2) , 191-217 . Abstract. Link.

  58. Hoxby, Caroline M. (2007). Does Competition among Public Schools Benefit Students and Taxpayers? Reply. In: American Economic Review 97(5) , 2038-2055 . Abstract. Link.

  59. Hoxby, Caroline M. (2001). All School Finance Equalizations Are Not Created Equal. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(4) , 1189-1231 . Abstract. Link.

  60. Hoxby, Caroline M. (1999). The Productivity of Schools and Other Local Public Goods Producers. In: Journal of Public Economics 74(1) , 01-30 . Abstract. Link.

  61. Hoxby, Caroline M. (1996). How Teachers’ Unions Affect Education Production. In: Journal of Economics 111(3) , 671-718 . Abstract. Link.

  62. Hoxby, Caroline M. (1994). Do Private Schools Provide Competition for Public Schools?. NBER Working Paper 4978. Abstract. Link.

  63. Imberman, Scott A. (2010). Achievement and Behavior in Charter Schools: Drawing a More Complete Picture. In: Review of Economics and Statistics 93(2) , 416-435 . Abstract. Link.

  64. Jackson, C. Kirabo (2014). Teacher Quality at the High School Level: The Importance of Accounting for Tracks. In: Journal of Labor Economics 32(4) , 645-684 . Abstract. Link.

  65. Jacob, Brian A. (2005). Accountability, Incentives and Behavior: The Impact of High-stakes Testing in the Chicago Public Schools. In: Journal of Public Economics 89(5-6) , 761-796 . Abstract. Link.

  66. Jacob, Brian A. and Steven D. Levitt (2003). Rotten Apples: An Investigation of the Prevalence and Predictors of Teacher Cheating. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(3) , 843-877 . Abstract. Link.

  67. Jepsen, Christopher and Steven Rivkin (2009). Class Size Reduction and Student Achievement: The Potential Tradeoff between Teacher Quality and Class Size. In: Journal of Human Resources 44(1) , 223-250 . Abstract. Link.

  68. Jürges, Hendrik, Kerstin Schneider and Felix Büchel (2005). The Effect of Central Exit Examinations on Student Achievement: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from TIMSS Germany. In: Journal of the European Economic Association 3(5) , 1134-1155 . Abstract. Link.

  69. Jürges, Hendrik, Kerstin Schneider, Martin Senkbeil and Claus H. Carstensen (2012). Assessment Drives Learning: The Effect of Central Exit Exams on Curricular Knowledge and Mathematical Literacy. In: Economics of Education Review 31(1) , 56-65 . Abstract. Link.

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  71. Kane, Thomas J. and Douglas O. Staiger (2002). The Promise and Pitfalls of Using Imprecise School Accountability Measures. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives 16(4) , 91-114 . Abstract. Link.

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  74. Lavy, Victor (2010). Effects of Free Choice among Public Schools. In: Review of Economic Studies 77(3) , 1164-1191 . Abstract. Link.

  75. Lavy, Victor (2009). Performance Pay and Teachers' Effort, Productivity, and Grading Ethics. In: American Economic Review 99(5) , 1979-2011 . Abstract. Link.

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  87. Oreopoulos, Philip (2006). Estimating Average and Local Average Treatment Effects When Compulsory Schooling Laws Really Matter. In: American Economic Review 96(1) , 152-175 . Abstract. Link.

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  89. Pekkala Kerr, Sari, Tuomas Pekkarinen and Roope Uusitalo (2013). School Tracking and Development of Cognitive Skills. In: Journal of Labor Economics 31(3) , 577-602 . Abstract. Link.

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  96. Schwerdt, Guido and Ludger Woessmann (2015). The Information Value of Central School Exams. In: Economics of Education Review 56 , 65-79 . Abstract. Link.

  97. Schwerdt, Guido and Martin R. West (2013). The Impact of Alternative Grade Configurations on Student Outcomes through Middle and High School. In: Journal of Public Economics 97 , 308-326 . Abstract. Link.

  98. Schwerdt, Guido, Martin R. West and Marcus A. Winters (2017). The Effects of Test-Based Retention on Student Outcomes over Time: Regression Discontinuity Evidence from Florida. In: Journal of Public Economics 152 , 154-169 . Abstract. Link.

  99. Schütz, Gabriela, Heinrich Ursprung and Ludger Woessmann (2008). Education Policy and Equality of Opportunity. In: Kyklos 61(2) , 279-308 . Abstract. Link.

  100. Shleifer, Andrei (1998). State versus Private Ownership. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(4) , 133-150 . Abstract. Link.

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